Lillibridge+Project

Stream Project

1.Hardness- is caused by compounds of calcium, magensium, and other metals. 2. 0 to 60 mg/L soft 61 to 120 mg/L moderately hard 121 to 180 mg/L hard more than 180 mg/L very hard 3. Hard water requires more soap and synthetic detergents for home laundry and washing, and contributes to scaling in boilers and industrial equipment. 4. Calcuim magnesuim and other metals. 5. Hardness the amount of metal measured in milligrams per liter

turbidity- is the measure of the degree to which the water looses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. the more total suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems and the higher the turbidity. turbidity is considered a good measure (how cloudy the water is)

ranges- the WHO(world health organiization) establishes that the water shouldnt be more than 5 NTU, and ideally be below 1 NTU.

what it does- the main impact is merely esthetic: nobody likes the look of dirty water. but also, it is essential to climate the turbidity of water in order to effectively disinfect it for ddrinking purpose. this adds some extra cost to the treatment of surface water suppies. the suspended particles also help the attachment of heavy metals and many other toxiz organic compounds and pesticides.

where it comes from-
 * phytoplankton
 * sediments from erosion
 * resuspended sediments from the bottum(frequently stir up by bottum feeders like carp)
 * waste discharge
 * algea growth
 * urban growth

how it is measured- measured in NTU: nephelometric turbidity units, the instument used is the tirbidimeter which measures the intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a water sample.

Flow of Allegany River in Port Allegany, PA

Current is 7 ft. Base is around 4 ft.

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Nitrate is a compound that is formed naturally when nitrogen combines with oxygen or ozone. Nitrogen is essential for all living things, but high levels of nitrate-nitrogen in drinking water can be dangerous to health espacially for infants and pregnant women. Nitrates are also made in large amounts by plants and animals and are released in smoke and industrial or automotive exhaust.

In water nitirites are generally formed by the action of bacteria on ammonia and organic nitrogen. As they are quickly air oxidised to nitratres they are seldom present in surface waters in significant concentration.

The presence of nitrite does not always signify pollution although in conjunction with ammonia and nitrate the presence of nitrite is a pollution indicatior.In domestic drinkning water supplies, nitrites are poisonous compounds, but the minute amounts ordinarily found can scarcely have any pharmacological effect.